Caryophyllene
SesquiterpeneWarm, spicy, and peppery with woody undertones. Like black pepper and cloves.
Only terpene known to directly bind and activate cannabinoid (CB2) receptors. FDA GRAS status.
Aroma Profile
Medical Effects
Anti-inflammatory (CB2 agonist)
Strong evidenceSelective CB2 receptor agonist (Ki = 155 nM). The only terpene that directly activates cannabinoid receptors.
First identification of BCP as a selective CB2 receptor agonist. First dietary cannabinoid identified.
Oral caryophyllene reduced PGE2, iNOS, and COX-2 expression. Effects comparable to dexamethasone.
Analgesic
Strong evidenceCB2-dependent pain reduction; effective for inflammatory and neuropathic pain without tolerance
Oral BCP reduced pain in CB2-dependent manner. No tolerance developed. More effective than synthetic CB2 agonist.
Anti-anxiety
Moderate evidenceCB2 receptor activation modulating stress response
BCP reduced anxiety-like behaviors in both male and female rats with persistent pain.
Synergies (Entourage Effect)
Enhanced anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects through complementary pathways
preclinicalSynergistic anti-inflammatory effects; often found together naturally
preclinicalBalanced pain relief through CB1 + CB2 activation
preclinical
